Hurricane season in the Caribbean is from June through November, and Caribbean nationals are conditioned to expect tropical storms and hurricanes, which can become natural disasters. Volcanoes also occur in the Caribbean region, but thankfully not on an annual basis, as they are often more disruptive than hurricanes. They cause more significant damage, like Montserrat’s Soufrière Hills volcanic eruption in July 1995, which buried the capital city of Plymouth. In recent years (April 2021), on the Eastern Caribbean island of St. Vincent & The Grenadines, the La Soufriere Volcano erupted, displacing over 20,000 people and causing significant property damage to the island’s northern side. Montserrat and Saint Vincent, both part of the Lesser Antilles, now have areas once populated that are uninhabitable.
This has me thinking about the other active volcanoes in the Caribbean region. To be exact, there are over 1500 active volcanoes worldwide, and 19 live volcanoes in the Caribbean are deemed likely to erupt again. Thus this post provides information on the four main types of volcanoes, the name and location of active volcanoes in the Caribbean, and insight into the hazards that result from a volcano eruption.
Note: If you would like to contribute to the Saint Vincent volcano relief effort, donate via the website set up by Saint Vincent & The Grenadines government: HelpStVincent.com.
View of La Soufrière volcano erupting in Saint Vincent on April 9th, 2021. Photo Credit: © UWI Seismic Research Centre.
Four Main Types of Volcanoes
A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust that allows magma, hot ash, and gases to escape. Volcanoes can be above or below the ground and range in size from small hills to large mountains. There are over twenty different types of volcano formations, including caldera, complex, compound, cone, crater rows, explosion crater, fissure vent, lava cone, lava dome, maar, pyroclastic cone, pyroclastic shield, shield, shield volcano, stratovolcano, subglacial, submarine, tuff cone, tuff ring, tuya, volcanic field, and volcanic remnant.
Of the volcanic formations, there are four main ones: shield volcano, stratovolcano, lava dome, and caldera. They form when the magma on the earth’s surface erupts as lava. Some of the factors that distinguish these different types of volcanoes are the stickiness, viscosity, composition, and the gas amount in the magma formed when it reaches the earth’s surface.
Shield Volcano
The shield volcano forms when runny low viscosity lava triggers the development of gentle slopes. Shield volcanoes are mainly formed during the flow of basaltic fluid and are considered the largest and most active volcanoes globally. They are known to move more than 9 km (5.5 miles) above sea level, especially around the Hawaiian island, making them a deadly force.
Stratovolcano
Stratovolcano volcanoes are cone-shaped and usually have steeper sides. Their formation is from sticky lava that is thick and doesn’t flow easily. As a result, it forms steep sides due to the build-up around the volcano vent. Common in the Caribbean, stratovolcano volcanoes release explosive eruptions due to the gas build-up in their magma, with the lava flowing from them being highly viscous.
Lava Dome
The Lava dome is a type of volcano with lesser fluid viscous lava. As a result, it hardly flows away from its vent when it comes from underneath the ground. The lava typically piles up on top of the volcano mountain vent to form a vast dome-shaped mass substance.
Caldera
The Caldera volcano usually stores magma beneath the earth’s crust in a special lava chamber. When a large explosive eruption occurs, the magma chamber’s roof collapses, forming a bowl or depression on the earth’s surface with steep walls.
View of the Montserrat Soufrière Hills volcano from the Montserrat Volcano Observatory. Photo Credit: © Ursula Petula Barzey.
Note: If you would like to contribute to the Saint Vincent volcano relief effort, donate via the website set up by Saint Vincent & The Grenadines government: HelpStVincent.com.
Volcanic Caribbean Islands – Active Volcanoes in the Eastern Caribbean
Most of the active volcanoes in the Caribbean are in the Eastern Caribbean, and the majority of them, as detailed below, are stratovolcanos. Only the Soufriere Volcanic Center in Saint Lucia is a caldera volcano. Also, the only active submarine volcano in the Eastern Caribbean is the Kick ’em Jenny volcano, located just 6.2 miles north of the island of Grenada.
My research hasn’t uncovered the definitive origin of the name Kick ’em Jenny. Still, it is linked to a small nearby island called Diamond Rock, also sometimes referred to as Diamond Islet. Speculation is that Kick ’em Jenny may be connected to the rough waters, or it might be a version of the French phrase cay que gene, which means the turbulent cay(shoal). Others suggest it might connect to kicking a donkey name Jenny. Whatever the origin, Kick ’em Jenny is one of the most unique names for a volcano in the Caribbean.
As for the other volcano names, five of the volcanoes in the Eastern Caribbean have Soufriere in their name. Soufriere is a French term that means Sulphur, which is naturally formed on the earth’s surface by volcanic gases in most volcanic locations, and people often extract it. In simpler terms, a Soufriere is a place where there is a natural deposit of Sulphur, often due to volcanic activity.
Below is a listing of the active Caribbean volcanoes. The information is primarily sourced from the Volcanoes of the World database connected to the Global Volcanism Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.
| Country | Volcano Name | Volcano Type | Elevation | Last Major Eruption |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dominica | Grand Soufrière Hills | Stratovolcano | ??? | Unknown |
| Dominica | Morne Anglais | Stratovolcano | 3,683 ft | c. 10,000 years ago |
| Dominica | Morne Aux Diables, aka Devil’s Peak | Stratovolcano | 2,825 ft | Unknown |
| Dominica | Morne Trois Piton/Micotrin | Stratovolcano | 4,551 ft | 920 CE |
| Dominica | Morne Watt, aka Watt Mountain /Valley of Desolation | Stratovolcano | 4,017 ft | July 1997 |
| Dominica | Morne Diablotins | Stratovolcano | 4,747 ft | 30,000 years ago |
| Dominica | Plat Pays Volcanic Complex | Stratovolcano | 3,080 ft | 1270 AD |
| Grenada | Kick ’em Jenny | Submarine volcano | −607 ft | July 2015 |
| Grenada | Mount Saint Catherine | Stratovolcano | 2,760 ft | Unknown |
| Grenada | Ronde/Caille | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| Guadeloupe | La Grande Soufrière | Stratovolcano | 4,813 ft | 1971 |
| Martinique | Mount Pelée | Stratovolcano | 4,531 ft | 1929 to 1932 |
| Montserrat | Soufriere Hills | Stratovolcano | 3,440 ft | July 1997 |
| Nevis | Nevis Peak | Stratovolcano | 3,232 ft | Unknown |
| Saba | Mount Scenery | Stratovolcano | 2,910 ft | 1640 |
| Saint Kitts | Mount Liamuiga | Stratovolcano | 3,793 ft | 160 CE ± 200 years |
| Saint Lucia | Qualibou aka Sourfriere Volcanic Center | Caldera | 2,549 ft | 1766 |
| Saint Vincent | La Soufrière | Stratovolcano | 4,049 ft | April 2021 |
| Sint Eustatius | The Quill | Stratovolcano | 1,972 ft | 250 CE ± 150 years |
Partial view of the Sulphur Springs Park in Saint Lucia, The Caribbean’s only drive-in volcano. Photo Credit: © Ursula Petula Barzey.
Largest Volcanic Eruptions in the Caribbean
Thankfully, most of the active volcanoes in the Eastern Caribbean have been dormant for the last 300 years. However, there have been a few major eruptions that have caused deaths or major economic damage.
The largest volcanic eruption in the Caribbean occurred in 1902 on Mount Pelée on the island of Martinique. The Mount Pelée eruption was a catastrophe. Over 30,000 people lost their lives, and the city of St. Pierre and major agricultural areas were destroyed. The eruption led to an economic loss of approximately US$1 billion.
Beyond the Mount Pelée in Martinique, there have also been major eruptions in Guadeloupe, Montserrat, and Saint Vincent. The La Soufrière volcano on Saint Vincent has had five major eruptions since 1718.
| Year | Island | Volcano | Deaths & Economic Impact | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1718 | Saint Vincent | La Soufrière | The 1718 volcanic eruption in Saint Vincent was a major explosive event, with an unknown number of casualties among the indigenous Caribs. | |
| 1812 | Saint Vincent | La Soufrière | The 1812 volcano eruption in Saint Vincent killed an estimated 80 people and caused considerable damage to the sugar industry. The economic cost of the eruption is unknown. | |
| 1902 | Saint Vincent | La Soufrière | The 1902 volcanic explosive in Saint Vincent eruption killed an estimated 1,600 people and caused considerable damage to the sugar industry. The economic cost of the eruption is estimated at US$200 million. | |
| 1902 | Martinique | Mount Pelée | The 1902 volcanic eruption in Martinique was explosive/effusive and killed over 30,000 people. It also completely destroyed the capital city of Saint-Pierre. The eruption also caused considerable damage to agriculture, and the economic cost is estimated at about US$1 billion. | |
| 1976 – 77 | Guadeloupe | Soufrière | The 1976 – 77 volcanic eruption in Guadeloupe caused a minor phreatic eruption to occur, releasing steam and ash into the atmosphere. There were no casualties, but the economic cost is estimated at US$1 billion. | |
| 1979 | Saint Vincent | La Soufrière | The 1979 volcanic eruption in Saint Vincent was a moderate explosive causing no casualties but significant economic losses. The economic losses are estimated to be in the order of US$100 million. | |
| 1995 to present | Montserrat | Soufrière Hills | The 1995 volcanic eruption in Montserrat was a moderate explosive/effusive eruption that killed about 20 people and completely destroyed the capital of Plymouth. The economic cost of the eruption is in excess of US$500 million, and the economy continues to be impacted as new capital is yet to be built. | |
| 2021 | Saint Vincent | La Soufrière | The 2021 volcanic eruption in Saint Vicent was a major explosive/effusive eruption that caused damage to areas in the north of the island. Thankfully, no deaths, but approximately 18,000 people were evacuated. |
More personal to me is the Montserrat Soufriere Hills volcano eruption starting in July 1995, which buried the capital of Plymouth under heavy ashfall and caused economic damage of over US$500 million. During a further eruption in July 1997, nineteen people who had stayed behind in an evacuated area lost their lives. Now, more than half of Montserrat is uninhabitable, including areas where my family used to live. Thus, more than two-thirds of the population, which at its peak was between 13,000 and 15,000, have left Montserrat. Being a British Overseas Territory, most Montserratians migrated to the United Kingdom as they were granted full British citizenship in 2002. So there are more Montserratians outside of Montserrat than actually on the island, which now just has a population of 5,000.
Holding a picture of Plymouth in Montserrat now buried under volcanic ash and mud. Photo Credit: © Ursula Petula Barzey.
The primary reason for the reduced loss of life is improved technology and research facilities like the Seismic Research Center of the University of the West Indies (UWISRC). UWISRC has an extensive Seismograph Network monitoring all the active volcanoes in the Eastern Caribbean, and they provide plenty of notice for evacuations. There are also island-specific monitoring and research centers like the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO), managed by the UWISRC (previously the British Geological Survey), under contract with the government of Montserrat. With this center, the Montserrat volcano is now one of the most closely monitored volcanoes globally, with many tourists and volcanology students making a pilgrimage to the island to view and observe.
With the La Soufriѐre currently erupting on the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent, there has been significant damage to the landscape and properties on the island’s northern side. Thankfully, there has been no loss of life. This, in part, is due to the four-person team of senior scientists and technicians from the MVO and UWISRC. They are on the island monitoring and advising the government.
It should be noted that La Soufriѐre on the mainland of Saint Vincent & The Grenadines has had five other significant explosive eruptions in the modern era, including ones in 1718, 1812, 1814, 1902/03, and 1979. Each of these eruptions resulted in hundreds of millions of dollars in economic damage. As for the loss of life, the 1812 eruption resulted in 80 deaths, and the 1902 eruption resulted in 1,600 deaths.
View of the Montserrat Volcano Observatory with the helicopter used to observe the Soufriere Hills volcano activity. Photo Credit: © Ursula Petula Barzey.
What happens when volcanoes erupt – 11 Types of Volcanic Hazards
Volcanic eruptions are spectacular to watch from a distance, but they are horrific to experience up close. Plus, whereas recovery from a hurricane might take a few years, it could be decades, if not centuries, to recover from a volcano. They are destructive and often result in loss of lives (humans and animals), destruction of property and landscape, and dislocation of entire communities. Whereas a severe hurricane might cause anywhere from 10-25% damage to property and landscape, volcanic eruptions like the one in Montserrat can cause 100% destruction to parts of a country. And as much as the desire was there to rebuild Plymouth after major hurricanes, it simply did not make sense as the city was buried, and the volcano could erupt again. In Saint Vincent, things may not be clear-cut, but there are some major decisions ahead for the government and those who live close to La Soufrière volcano.
Saint Vincent investment in very high and high volcanic hazard zones. Photo Credit: © ODI.
Below are the eleven types of hazardous effects brought about by volcanic activities in the Eastern Caribbean.
Pyroclastic Flows
Pyroclastic flows form when a collapsed lava dome or column erupts, releasing a mixture of rock fragments, liquid ash, and hot gas down the mountains and valleys, which cause great havoc.
Pyroclastic Surges
Pyroclastic Surges form when turbulent gas clouds and debris flow on the earth’s surface at a fast rate. Although the formation of Pyroclastic Surges is similar to that of pyroclastic flows, the effects are more devastating for the former.
Ballistic Projectiles
Ballistic projectiles occur, and rocks hurl as a result of a volcanic eruption. The solid minerals formed usually travel fast and far, covering 1.24 miles to 3.2 miles if the volcano is very explosive.
Lava Flows
Lava Flows are typically molten rock that pours down the volcano slope, causing destruction along its path, often leading to forest fires.
Ash Falls
This particular ash is thick and usually forms in large quantities during a volcanic eruption which can be very destructive. Ash falls are dangerous as it causes damage to vegetation, collapse rooftops, and malfunction aircrafts, cars, and even ship engines.
Aerial shot of part of the Sandy Bay village in Saint Vincent after April 2021 volcanic eruption. Photo Credit: © Javid Collins, UWITV.
Lahars (mudflows)
Lahars are a mixture of rock fragments and volcanic water that flows down the volcano slopes and nearby valleys.
Volcanic Gases
When a volcanic eruption occurs, various gases such as Hydrogen Sulphide and Sulphur dioxide are released into the atmosphere, which is highly toxic; these gases are typically near the hot springs of active volcanoes.
Lateral Blasts
This particular blast releases scorching gases that are horizontally blasted into the clouds at very high speeds during an eruption. Lateral Blast spans from ten to a hundred square kilometers within a couple of minutes, causing significant destruction along its path.
Debris Avalanches
The moving of soil and rock as a result of a mountain or slope sliding during a volcanic eruption leads to the formation of Debris Avalanches. The debris formed then rushes down from a volcanic mountain and into surrounding valleys, uprooting trees, buildings, bridges, and everything else in its path.
Lightning Strikes
During volcanic eruptions, lightning strikes may occur due to the friction between the rock fragments, ash, gas, and steam formed in the clouds above the blast.
Tsunamis
Tsunamis occur due to large earthquakes or submarine volcanic eruptions that form sea waves that mostly inundate coastal areas closer to the seashore.
Red blocks being released from the summit of the Soufriere Hills Volcano in Montserrat. Photo: © Montserrat Volcano Observatory.
Caribbean volcanoes likely to erupt
It is difficult to predict exactly when each active volcano in the Caribbean will erupt again. Some, while active due to low-level volcanic seismic activity, have not had a major eruption for decades, even centuries. This is why they need to be closely monitored with specialist equipment like seismometers to detect changes like small earthquakes, gas chemistry, and/or ground deformation, and swelling of the mountain.
That said, with the eleven volcano hazards outlined above, we can only pray that volcanoes in the Eastern Caribbean remain dormant as it is not just about islands like Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Nevis, Saba, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Sint Eustatius, and Saint Vincent that have active volcanoes on their islands. It is also about the nearby islands to these live volcanic islands as they too can be affected by volcanic hazards such as spewing volcanic ash, earthquakes, and tsunamis.
Note: If you would like to contribute to the Saint Vincent volcano relief effort, donate via the website set up by Saint Vincent & The Grenadines government: HelpStVincent.com.
